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A Novel process for pinot noir wine making

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posted on 2023-05-27, 11:49 authored by Carew, AL
Pinot noir grapes offer a challenge for wine makers due to the variety's unusual tannin distribution and non-acylated (colourless) anthocyanins. Initially, two scoping studies using replicated 'French Press' microvinification of Pinot noir must were undertaken and wines were evaluated for seven phenolic measures quantified by modified Somers analysis using UV-visible spectrophotometry and chemometrics (total phenolics, total pigment, anthocyanin, tannin, non-bleachable pigment, colour density, hue). The scoping studies established that yeast strain choice and maceration approach could significantly influence the concentration of phenolics in Pinot noir wine. A novel maceration process, microwave maceration, which was included in the scoping study was associated with significantly higher concentration of total phenolics, anthocyanin, tannin and non-bleachable pigment in wines at 18 months bottle age, compared with control wines that had been fermented on skins for a comparable period (usually seven or eight days). Microwave maceration involved heating Pinot noir must to 70¬¨‚à´C using a domestic 1.5 kW microwave oven. Must was held at that temperature for a 'hold time' period to allow for time/temperature mediated phenolic extraction, before being cooled to ~27¬¨‚à´C for inoculation and fermentation under controlled conditions. The rapid and effective phenolic extraction from microwave maceration of Pinot noir grape must allowed several novel approaches to winemaking. For example, microwave macerated must with one hour of hold time was pressed off skins and fermented as an 'enriched juice'. Early press-off microwave maceration wines were equivalent to control wine that had been fermented on skins for most phenolic parameters, but were significantly higher in fourteen out of sixteen aroma compounds examined by GCMS. For example, the microwave treatment wines were generally four to six-fold higher for the acetates examined, and two-fold higher for most of the ethyl esters examined. Microwave maceration was effective for sanitation of Pinot noir grape must and reduced background yeast to‚Äöv¢¬ß100 cfu/mL by plating to Wallerstein Laboratories Nutrient agar, which was more effective than standard must sanitation by application of 50 mg/L sulphur dioxide in the form of potassium metabisulfite solution (2x104 cfu/mL). Due to the sanitation effect of microwave maceration, must did not require application of sulphur dioxide at crushing to suppress background yeast and bacteria. Sulfur dioxide and high fermentation temperatures are stressors which have been shown to inhibit malo-lactic fermentation in red wine fermentation. The rapid extraction of phenolics by microwave maceration prior to alcoholic fermentation, offset the need for high fermentation temperature (eg. 30¬¨‚à´C) and this, coupled with the absence of sulphur dioxide, allowed co-inoculation of yeast and malo-lactic bacterial cultures for simultaneous alcoholic and malo-lactic fermentation. Early press-off microwave macerated Pinot noir must inoculated in this way finished alcoholic and malo-lactic fermentation within 17 days demonstrating the possibility of highly efficient red wine making from this novel process. Chapter 7, Wine phenolic and aroma outcomes from the application of Controlled Phenolic Release to Pinot noir must, was published in the Proceedings of the 16th Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference (July 2013, Sydney, Australia).

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Copyright 2014 the author. Chapter 2 appears to be the equivalent of the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, copyright Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see 10.1021/jf4018806 Chapter 4 appears to be the equivalent of the post print version of an article published as: Carew, A., Sparrow, A., Curtin, C., Close, D., & Dambergs, R. (2013), Microwave Maceration of Pinot Noir Grape Must: Sanitation and Extraction Effects and Wine Phenolics Outcomes, Food and Bioprocess Technology, 7(4), 954-963. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-013-1112-x This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Chapter 5 appears to be the equivalent of an accepted work finally published as: Carew, A. L., Gill, W., Close, D. C., & Dambergs, R. G. (2014). Microwave Maceration with Early Pressing Improves Phenolics and Fermentation Kinetics in Pinot noir. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 65, 401-406, http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2014.13089 Chapter 7. Wine phenolic and aroma outcomes from the application of Controlled Phenolic Release to Pinot noir must was published in the Proceedings of the 15th Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference (July 2013, Sydney, Australia). Chapter 8 appears to be the equivalent of a pre or post version of the following article: Carew, A.L., Close, D.C., Dambergs, R.G., 2015, Yeast strain affects phenolic concentration in Pinot noir wines made by microwave maceration with early pressing, Journal of applied microbiology, 118, which has been published in final form at 1385‚Äö-1394. doi:10.1111/jam.12785

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