3680 33 archive 310 disk0/00/00/36/80 2008-04-07 00:05:34 2008-09-11 01:32:15 2008-07-16 16:59:24 article show Rosanne.Guijt@utas.edu.au Guijt RM Rosanne.Guijt@utas.edu.au Evenhuis CJ johne0@utas.edu.au Macka M Mirek.Macka@utas.edu.au Haddad PR Paul.Haddad@utas.edu.au pub 030108 250000 250401 250400 restricted Capillary electrophoresis • Chips • Conductivity detection • Miniaturisation • Review published by Wiley-VCH Verlag Berlin Since the introduction of capillary electrophoresis (CE), conductivity detection has been an attractive means of detection. No additional chemical properties are required for detection, and no loss in sensitivity is expected when miniaturising the detector to scale with narrow-bore capillaries or even to the microchip format. Integration of conductivity and CE, however, involves a challenging combination of engineering issues. In conductivity detection the resistance of the solution is most frequently measured in an alternating current (AC) circuit. The influence of capacitors both in series and in parallel with the solution resistance should be minimised during conductivity measurements. For contact conductivity measurements, the positioning and alignment of the detection electrodes is crucial. A contact conductivity detector for CE has been commercially available, but was withdrawn from the market. Microfabrication technology enables integration and precise alignment of electrodes, resulting in the popularity of conductivity detection in microfluidic devices. In contactless conductivity detection, the alignment of the electrodes with respect to the capillary is less crucial. Contactless conductivity detection (CCD) was introduced in capillary CE, and similar electronics have been applied for CCD using planar electrodes in microfluidic devices. A contactless conductivity detector for capillaries has been commercialised recently. In this review, different approaches towards conductivity detection in capillaries and chip-based CE are discussed. In contrast to previous reviews, the focus of the present review is on the technological developments and challenges in conductivity detection in CE. 2004-12 published Electrophoresis 25 23-24 4032-4057 10.1002/elps.200406156 TRUE 0173-0835 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200406156 1 LaCourse, W. R., in: Wilson, I. , Poole, C. , Cooke, M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press, New York 2000, pp. 670-676. 2 Zemann, A. J., TrAC 2001, 20, 346-354. 3 Willauer, H. D., Collins, G. E., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2193-2207. 4 da Silva, J. A. F., Quim. Nova 2003, 26, 56-64. 5 Vandaveer, W. R., Pasas, S. A., Martin, R. S., Lunte, S. M., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3667-3677. 6 Tanyanyiwa, J., Leuthardt, S., Hauser, P. C., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3659-3666. 7 Holland, L. A., Leigh, A. M., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3649-3658. 8 Kappes, T., Hauser, P. C., Electroanalysis 2000, 12, 165-170. 9 Baldwin, R. P., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 4017-4028. 10 Berezanski, P., in: Settle, F. (Ed.), Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Yersey, USA 1997, pp. 751-767. 11 Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., Nieman, T. A., Electrical Components and Circuits, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA 1998, pp. 22-38. 12 Opekar, F., Jelínek, I., Trojanek, A., Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 390, 101-106. 13 Liu, Y., Wipf, D. O., Henry, C. S., Analyst 2001, 126, 1248-1251. 14 Horrowitz, P., Hill, W., The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, New York 1980, pp. 25-32. 15 Ga, B., Demjanenko, M., Vacík, J., J. Chromatogr. 1980, 192, 253-257. 16 Li, S. F. Y., Wu, Y. S., in: Wilson, I. , Poole, C. , Cooke, M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press, New York 2000, pp. 1176-1187. 17 Foret, F., Krivanková, L., Boek, P., Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, VCH Publishers, New York 1993, pp. 27-35. 18 Jandik, P., Bonn, G. K., Capillary Electrophoresis of Small Molecules and Ions, VCH Publishers, New York 1993, p. 18. 19 Zemann, A. J., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2125-2137. 20 Avdalovic, N., Pohl, C. A., Rocklin, R. D., Stillian, J. R., Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1470-1475. 21 Harrold, M., Stillian, J., Bao, L., Rocklin, R., Avdalovic, N., J. Chromatogr. A 1995, 717, 371-383. 22 Dasgupta, P. K., Bao, L. Y., Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1003-1011. 23 Kar, S., Dasgupta, P. K., Liu, H. H., Hwang, H., Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2537-2543. 24 Kar, S., Dasgupta, P. K., J. Microcol. Sep. 1996, 8, 561-568. 25 Kuhr, W. G., in: Camilleri, P. (Ed.), Capillary Electrophoresis - Theory and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1998, pp. 91-135. 26 Verheggen, T. P. E. M., Beckers, J. L., Everaerts, F. M., J. Chromatogr. 1988, 452, 615-622. 27 Ackermans, M. T., Everaerts, F. M., Beckers, J. L., J. Chromatogr. 1991, 549, 345-355. 28 Kaniansky, D., Zelensky, I., Hybenová, A., Onuska, F. I., Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 4258-4264. 29 Haber, C., Jones, W. R., Soglia, J., Surve, M. A., McGlynn, M., Caplan, A., Reineck, J. R., Krstanovic, C., J. Capill. Electrophor. 1996, 3, 1-11. 30 Wanders, B. J., Vandegoor, T., Everaerts, F. M., J. Chromatogr. 1993, 652, 291-294. 31 Qin, W. D., Li, S. F. Y., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2174-2179. 32 Huang, X. H., Pang, T. K. J., Gordon, M. J., Zare, R. N., Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 2747-2749. 33 Huang, X. H., Luckey, J. A., Gordon, M. J., Zare, R. N., Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 766-770. 34 Huang, X. H., Gordon, M. J., Zare, R. N., J. Chromatogr. 1988, 425, 385-390. 35 Huang, X. H., Gordon, M. J., Zare, R. N., J. Chromatogr. 1989, 480, 285-288. 36 Huang, X. H., Zare, R. N., Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 2193-2196. 37 Zhao, H., Dadoo, R., Reay, R. J., Kovacs, G. T. A., Zare, R. N., J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 813, 205-208. 38 Horrowitz, P., Hill, W., The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, New York 1980, pp. 597-601. 39 Mo, J. Y., Liu, W. F., Mo, S. Y., Anal. Commun. 1998, 35, 365-367. 40 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Bektas, N., Fielden, P. R., Brown, B. J. T., J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 836, 59-65. 41 Gallagher, P. A., Danielson, N. D., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 781, 533-540. 42 Gebauer, P., Caslavska, J., Thormann, W., Boek, P., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 772, 63-71. 43 Valsecchi, S., Tartari, G., Polesello, S., J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 760, 326-332. 44 Govindaraju, K., Cowley, E. A., Eidelman, D. H., Lloyd, D. K., Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 2793-2797. 45 Gallagher, P. A., Oertel, C. M., Danielson, N. D., J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 817, 31-39. 46 Haber, C., VanSaun, R. J., Jones, W. R., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2261-2267. 47 Klampfl, C. W., Katzmayr, M. U., Buchberger, W., Electrophoresis 1998, 19, 2459-2464. 48 Klampfl, C. W., Katzmayr, M. U., Buchberger, W., Basener, N., J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 804, 357-362. 49 Klampfl, C. W., J. Capill. Electrophor. 1998, 5, 125-128. 50 Klampfl, C. W., Katzmayr, M. U., J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 822, 117-123. 51 Lucy, C. A., Wu, Q. J., J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1998, 36, 33-36. 52 Katzmayr, M. U., Klampfl, C. W., Buchberger, W., J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 850, 355-362. 53 Klampfl, C. W., Katzmayr, M. U., Buchberger, W., Basener, N., J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1999, 22, 297-299. 54 Bowman, J., Tang, L., Silverman, C. E., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2000, 23, 663-669. 55 Musial, B. A., Martin, M. N., Danielson, N. D., J. Sep. Sci. 2002, 25, 311-318. 56 Boudko, D. Y., Cooper, B. Y., Harvey, W. R., Moroz, L. L., J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 774, 97-104. 57 Haddad, P. R., Jackson, P. E., Shaw, M. J., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 1000, 725-742. 58 Johnson, D. E., Enke, C. G., Anal. Chem. 1970, 66, 2537-2543. 59 Caserta, K. J., Holler, F. J., Crouch, S. R., Enke, C. G., Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 1534-1541. 60 Vacík, J., Zuska, J., Muselasova, I., J. Chromatogr. 1985, 320, 233-240. 61 Zemann, A. J., Schnell, E., Volgger, D., Bonn, G. K., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 563-567. 62 da Silva, J. A. F., do Lago, C. L., Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4339-4343. 63 da Silva, J. A. F., Guzman, N., do Lago, C. L., J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 942, 249-258. 64 Mayrhofer, K., Zemann, A. J., Schnell, E., Bonn, G. K., Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 3828-3833. 65 Hilder, E. F., Zemann, A. J., Macka, M., Haddad, P. R., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 1273-1281. 66 Unterholzner, V., Macka, M., Haddad, P. R., Zemann, A., Analyst 2002, 127, 715-718. 67 Macka, M., Hutchinson, J., Zemann, A., Zhang, S. S., Haddad, P. R., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2144-2149. 68 da Silva, J. A. F., do Lago, C. L., Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 1405-1408. 69 Carvalho, A. Z., da Silva, J. A. F., do Lago, C. L., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2138-2143. 70 Oliveira, M. A. L., do Lago, C. L., Tavares, M. F. M., da Silva, J. A. F., Quim. Nova 2003, 26, 821-824. 71 da Silva, J. A. F., Ricelli, N. L., Carvalho, A. Z., do Lago, C. L., J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2003, 14, 265-268. 72 Rocha, F. R., da Silva, J. A. F., Lago, C. L., Fornaro, A., Gutz, I. G. R., Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 105-115. 73 Fornaro, A., Gutz, I. G. R., Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 117-128. 74 http://www.istech.at 75 Tuma, P., Opekar, F., Jelínek, I., Electroanalysis 2001, 13, 989-992. 76 Chvojka, T., Jelínek, I., Opekar, F., tulík, K., Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 433, 13-21. 77 Pumera, M., Jelínek, I., Jindrich, J., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2001, 369, 666-669. 78 Vuorinen, P. S., Jussila, M., Siren, H., Palonen, S., Riekkola, M. L., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 45-52. 79 Baltussen, E., Guijt, R. M., van der Steen, G., Laugere, F., Baltussen, S., van Dedem, G. W. K., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 2888-2893. 80 Tanyanyiwa, J., Galliker, B., Schwarz, M. A., Hauser, P. C., Analyst 2002, 127, 214-218. 81 Tanyanyiwa, J., Leuthardt, S., Hauser, P. C., J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 978, 205-211. 82 Tanyanyiwa, J., Hauser, P. C., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3781-3786. 83 Tanyanyiwa, J., Schweizer, K., Hauser, P. C., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2119-2124. 84 Kubá, P., Karlberg, B., Kubá, V., J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 964, 227-241. 85 Kubá, P., Kubá, V., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3725-3734. 86 Kubá, P., Kubá, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 1935-1943. 87 Kubá, P., Kubá, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 1397-1403. 88 Kubá, P., Kubá, V., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 378, 378-382. 89 Kubá, P., Hauser, P. C., Kubá, V., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 35-42. 90 Kaniansky, D., Zelenská, V., Masár, M., Iványi, F., Gadiková, S., J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 844, 349-359. 91 Manz, A., Graber, N., Widmer, H. M., Sens. Actuators B 1990, 1, 244-248. 92 Gebauer, P., Deml, M., Boek, P., Janak, J., J. Chromatogr. 1983, 267, 455-457. 93 Fielden, P. R., Baldock, S. J., Goddard, N. J., Pickering, L. W., Prest, J. E., Snook, R. D., Brown, B. J. T., Vaireanu, D. I., Proceedings of the microTAS Conference, Kluwer Academic Press, Banf 1998, pp. 323-326. 94 Baldock, S. J., Bektas, N., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Pickering, L. W., Prest, J. E., Snook, R. D., Treves Brown, B. J., Vaireanu, D. I., in: Harrison, D. J. , van den Berg, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the microTAS Conference, Kluwer Academic Press, Banf 1998, pp. 359-362. 95 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Brown, B. J. T., Analyst 2001, 126, 433-437. 96 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Brown, B. J. T., Analyst 2002, 127, 1413-1419. 97 Vaireanu, D. I., Fielden, P. R., Brown, B. J. T., Meas. Sci. Technol. 2000, 11, 244-251. 98 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Brown, B. J. T., Analyst 2003, 128, 1131-1136. 99 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Brown, B. J. T., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 376, 78-84. 100 Prest, J. E., Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Treves Brown, B. J., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 325-334. 101 Baldock, S. J., Fielden, P. R., Goddard, N. J., Prest, J. E., Brown, B. J. T., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 11-22. 102 Grass, B., Siepe, D., Neyer, A., Hergenröder, R., Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 2001, 371, 228-233. 103 Kaniansky, D., Masár, M., Bielèíková, J., Iványi, F., Eisenbeiss, F., Stanislawski, B., Grass, B., Neyer, A., Jöhnck, M., Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 3596-3604. 104 Bodor, R., úborová, M., Ölvecká, E., Madajová, V., Masár, M., Kaniansky, D., Stanislawski, B., J. Sep. Sci. 2001, 24, 802-809. 105 Bodor, R., Kaniansky, D., Masár, M., J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 916, 31-40. 106 Grass, B., Neyer, A., Jöhnck, M., Siepe, D., Eisenbeiss, F., Weber, G., Hergenröder, R., Sens. Actuators B 2001, 72, 249-258. 107 Masár, M., úborová, M., Bielèíková, J., Kaniansky, D., Jöhnck, M., Stanislawski, B., J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 916, 101-111. 108 Masár, M., Kaniansky, D., Bodor, R., Jöhnck, M., Stanislawski, B., J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 916, 167-174. 109 Ölvecká, E., Masár, M., Kaniansky, D., Jöhnck, M., Stanislawski, B., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 3347-3353. 110 Bodor, P., Kaniansky, D., Masár, M., Silleová, K., Stanislawski, B., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3630-3637. 111 Zuborova, M., Masár, M., Kaniansky, D., Johnck, M., Stanislawski, B., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 774-781. 112 Kaniansky, D., Masár, M., Bodor, R., úborová, M., Ölvecká, E., Jöhnck, M., Stanislawski, B., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2208-2227. 113 Masár, M., úborová, M., Kaniansky, D., Stanislawski, B., J. Sep. Sci. 2003, 26, 647-652. 114 Ölvecká, E., Koníková, M., Grobuschek, N., Kaniansky, D., Stanislawski, B., J. Sep. Sci. 2003, 26, 693-700. 115 Zuborova, M., Demianova, Z., Kaniansky, D., Masár, M., Stanislawski, B., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 179-188. 116 Masár, M., Danková, M., Ölvecká, E., Stachurová, A., Kaniansky, D., Stanislawski, B., J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1026, 31-39. 117 Guijt, R. M., Baltussen, E., van der Steen, G., Schasfoort, R. B. M., Schlautmann, S., Billiet, H. A. H., Frank, J., van Dedem, G. W. K., van den Berg, A., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 235-241. 118 Schlautmann, S., Wensink, H., Schasfoort, R., Elwenspoek, M., van den Berg, A., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2001, 11, 386-389. 119 Rohlícek, V., Deyl, Z., J. Chromatogr. B 2002, 770, 19-23. 120 Deyl, Z., Mikík, I., Eckhardt, A., J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 990, 153-158. 121 Galloway, M., Soper, S. A., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3760-3768. 122 McWhorter, S., Soper, S. A., J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 883, 1-9. 123 Galloway, M., Stryjewski, W., Henry, A., Ford, S. M., Llopis, S., McCarley, R. L., Soper, S. A., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2407-2415. 124 Munro, N. J., Huang, Z. L., Finegold, D. N., Landers, J. P., Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2765-2773. 125 Bai, X. X., Roussel, C., Jensen, H., Girault, H. H., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 931-935. 126 Bai, X. X., Wu, Z., Josserand, J., Jensen, H., Schafer, H., Girault, H. H., Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 3126-3131. 127 Feng, H. T., Wei, H. P., Li, S. F. Y., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 909-913. 128 Berthold, A., Laugere, F., Schellevis, H., de Boer, C. R., Laros, M., Guijt, R. M., Sarro, P. M., Vellekoop, M. J., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3511-3519. 129 Laugere, F., Lubking, G. W., Berthold, A., Bastemeijer, J., Vellekoop, M. J., Sens. Actuators A 2001, 92, 109-114. 130 Bastemeijer, J., Lubking, W., Laugere, F., Vellekoop, M., Sens. Actuators B 2002, 83, 98-103. 131 Laugere, F., Lubking, G. W., Bastemeijer, J., Vellekoop, M. J., Sens. Actuators B 2002, 83, 104-108. 132 Laugere, F., Guijt, R. M., Bastemeijer, J., van der Steen, G., Berthold, A., Baltussen, E., Sarro, P. M., van Dedem, G. W. K., Vellekoop, M., Bossche, A., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 306-312. 133 Guijt, R. M., Baltussen, E., van der Steen, G., Frank, J., Billiet, H. A. H., Schalkhammer, T., Laugere, F., Vellekoop, M., Berthold, A., Sarro, L., van Dedem, G. W. K., Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 2537-2541. 134 Lichtenberg, J., de Rooij, N. F., Verpoorte, E., Electrophoresis 2002, 23, 3769-3780. 135 Pumera, M., Wang, J., Opekar, F., Jelínek, I., Feldman, J., Lowe, H., Hardt, S., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1968-1971. 136 Wang, J., Pumera, M., Collins, G., Opekar, F., Jelínek, I., Analyst 2002, 127, 719-723. 137 Wang, J., Pumera, M., Collins, G. E., Mulchandani, A., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 6121-6125. 138 Wang, J., Pumera, M., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5919-5923. 139 Wang, J., Chen, G., Muck, A., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4475-4479. 140 Wang, J., Chen, G., Muck, A., Chatrathi, M. P., Mulchandani, A., Chen, W., Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 505, 183-187. 141 Wang, J., Chen, G., Muck, A., Collins, G. E., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3728-3734. 142 Tanyanyiwa, J., Hauser, P. C., Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 6378-6382. 143 Tanyanyiwa, J., Abad-Villar, E. M., Hauser, P. C., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 903-908. 144 Tanyanyiwa, J., Abad-Villar, E. M., Fernandez-Abedul, M. T., Costa-Garcia, A., Hoffmann, W., Guber, A. E., Herrmann, D., Gerlach, A., Gottschlich, N., Hauser, P. C., Analyst 2003, 128, 1019-1022. 145 Abad-Villar, E. M., Tanyanyiwa, J., Fernandez-Abedul, M. T., Costa-Garcia, A., Hauser, P. C., Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1282-1288. 146 do Lago, C. L., da Silva, H. D. T., Neves, C. A., Brito-Neto, J. G. A., da Silva, J. A. F., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3853-3858. 4634 9 3680 1 application/pdf en staffonly cc_utas

RMG12.pdf

RMG12.pdf 605048 http://eprints.utas.edu.au/3680/1/RMG12.pdf