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Abstract

Antarctic sea ice and its snow cover are integral components of the global climate system, yet
many aspects of their vertical dimensions are poorly understood, making their representation in
global climate models poor. Remote sensing is the key to monitoring the dynamic nature of sea
ice and its snow cover. Reliable and accurate snow thickness data from an airborne platform is
currently a highly sought after data product. Remotely sensed snow thickness measurements can
provide an indication of precipitation levels. These are predicted to increase with effects of climate
change, and are difcult to measure as snow fall is frequently lost to wind-blown redistribution,
sublimation and snow-ice formation. Additionally, accurate regional scale snow thickness data
will increase the accuracy of sea ice thickness retrieval from satellite altimeter freeboard estimates.
Airborne snow-depth investigation techniques are one method for providing regional estimation
of these parameters. The airborne datasets are better suited to validating satellite algorithms, and
are themselves easier to validate with in-situ measurement. The development and practicality
of measuring snow thickness over sea ice in Antarctica using a helicopter-borne radar forms the
subject of this thesis. The radar design, a 2 - 8 GHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
Radar, is a product of collaboration and the expertise at the Centre for Remote Sensing of Ice
Sheets, Kansas University.
This thesis presents a review of the theoretical basis of the interactions of electromagnetic waves
with the snow and sea ice. The dominant general physical parameters pertinent to electromagnetic
sensing are presented, and the necessary conditions for unambiguous identication of the air/snow
and snow/ice interfaces by the radar are derived. It is found that the roughnesses of the snow and
ice surfaces are dominant determinants in the effectiveness of layer identication in this radar.
Motivated by these results, the minimum sensitivity requirements for the radar are presented.
Experiments with the radar mounted on a sled conrm that the radar is capable of unambiguously
detecting snow thickness. Helicopter-borne experiments conducted during two voyages into the
East Antarctic sea-ice zone show however, that the airborne data are highly affected by sweep
frequency non-linearities, making identication of snow thickness difcult. A model for the source
of these non-linearities in the radar is developed and veried, motivating the derivation of an error
correcting algorithm. Application of the algorithm to the airborne data demonstrates that the radar
is indeed receiving reections from the air/snow and snow/ice interfaces.
Consequently, this thesis presents the rst in-situ validated snow thickness estimates over sea
ice in Antarctica derived from a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar on a helicopterborne
platform. Additionally, the ability of the radar to independently identify the air/snow and
snow/ice interfaces allows for a relative estimate of roughness of the sea ice to be derived. This
parameter is a critical component necessary for assessing the integrity of satellite snow-depth
retrieval algorithms such as those using the data product provided by the Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System sensor on board NASA�’s Aqua satellite.
This thesis provides a description, solution or mitigation of the many difculties of operating a
radar from a helicopter-borne platform, as well as tackling the difculties presented in the study
of heterogeneous media such as sea ice and its snow cover. In the future the accuracy of the
snow-depth retrieval results can be increased as technical difculties are overcome, and at the
same time the radar architecture simplied. However, further validation studies are suggested to
better understand the effect of the heterogeneous nature of sea ice and its snow cover on the radar
signature.

Item Type:	Thesis - PhD
Authors/Creators:	Galin, N
Keywords:	snow, sea ice, radar, Antarctica
Additional Information:	Copyright the Author
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