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Abstract

Several nutritional studies have linked dietary vitamin A (VA) to skeletogenesis in marine fish larvae. In our
study, rotifers were enriched with eight levels of retinyl palmitate. Striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) larvae
were fed rotifers twice daily, VA-enriched rotifers (morning feed) and Algamac−3050 enriched rotifers
(afternoon feed), in greenwater systems from6 to 18 days post-hatch (dph). The VA-enriched rotifers had incorporated
0, 6, 14, 26, 57, 109, 215 and 388 ng retinyl palmitate mg−1 dryweight (DW) following 2 h enrichment
with emulsions containing 0 (control), 68, 187, 532, 1402, 2670, 4808 and 9523 ng retinyl palmitate mg−1
emulsion. After the rotifer feeding phase (6 to 18 dph), the larvae were fed Algamac−3050 enriched Artemia
until 43 dph. The pattern of increasing VA in the enriched rotifers was not reflected in the larvae. Larvae
incorporated 11.08 ± 0.27 ng total retinol mg−1 DW (mean ± SD) when fed rotifers containing 0.93 to
2.32 ng total retinol mg−1 DW (6 to 14 ng retinyl palmitate mg−1 DW) and incorporated a lower level of
5.57 ± 0.30 ng total retinol mg−1 DW when fed rotifers with 0.52 (control) or ≥16.31 ng total retinol mg−1
DW (0 and ≥57 ng retinyl palmitate mg−1 DW). By 43 dph, neither larval growth in length (16.0 ± 0.1 mm)
or dry weight (4.57 ± 0.20 mg), nor survival (34.8 ± 10.6%), were significantly affected by increasing dietary
levels of retinyl palmitate. The prevalence of vertebral column malformations in 43 dph post larvae was
positively correlated with total retinol content of larvae at 16 dph (R2 = 0.55, P b 0.001). Unlike other studies
on a range of marine fish species, retinyl palmitate enrichment in rotifers did not affect the type or severity of
jaw malformations. By 43 dph, 81 ± 9% of post larvae displayed severe jaw malformations. Vitamin A daily
inclusion of more than 123 ng total VA mg−1 DW rotifer, equivalent to more than 35 ng total retinol mg−1
DW rotifer (109 ng retinyl palmitate mg−1 DW rotifers), is recommended to reduce vertebral column
malformations when L. lineata larvae are reared in greenwater.

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Negm, RMK and Cobcroft, JM and Brown, MR and Nowak, BF and Battaglene, SC
Keywords:	Marine fish larvae, Vitamin A (retinol), Rotifers, Dose–response, Malformations Effect of dietary 22:6n − 3 on growth, survival and tissue fatty acid profile of striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) larvae fed enriched Artemia.
Journal or Publication Title:	Aquaculture
ISSN:	0044-8486
DOI / ID Number:	org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.04.018
Additional Information:	Copyright 2013 Elsevier
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