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Abstract

While NGOs have been active in domestic and international politics forat least 150 years since the formation of the Red Cross in the 1860s, it isonly in the past two decades that they have become a recognised force ingoverning global extraction, production, transportation, retail and disposal(extraction–disposal) chains. Today, they are active in developingstandards, managing certification and labelling schemes, and monitoringand evaluating actor performance in sectors such as coffee, fish, timberand palm oil. Aiming to achieve sustainable, organic and/or fair tradeproduction at the subnational, national and global levels, NGOs havebirthed national and international NGOs to govern and metagovern actorsthat, intersecting with public authorities, give rise to forms ofcooperation, competition and coexistence. While business plays a keyrole in these ‘non-state, market-driven’ governance arrangements(Cashore et al. 2004), it is no exaggeration to state that, absent NGOs,these schemes would not exist.

Item Type:	Book Section
Authors/Creators:	Gale, F
Keywords:	certification, FSC, governance, NGOs, value theory,
Publisher:	Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
Copyright Information:	Copyright 2018 Aynsley Kellow and Hannah Murphy-Gregory
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Gale, F UTAS Profile: Gale, F
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