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Abstract

Traditional wastewater treatments require high energy, operation, and maintenance costsand produce a large amount of sludge during treatment. This situation is becoming morecomplex with increasing population growth and urban areas. Thus, a new paradigm ofwater-energy nexus is required to meet the new water and energy demands at an affordablecost. The constructed wetlands (CWs) or treatment wetlands are low cost engineered systemsthat are designed to utilize the natural processes for wastewater treatment. In general, CWsrun without any chemical dosing or external energy requirements and are easy to operate andmaintain. Thus, CWs need very less cost for operation. The CWs have been established in alarge number throughout the world as an alternative to the conventional wastewater treatmentsystems [1,2]. The foundation of CWs for the wastewater treatment technology waslaid by early experiments of Dr. Kӓthe Seidel in the 1960s [3] and by Reinhold Kickuth inthe 1970s [4,5]. At the beginning of CW establishment, the CWs were mainly used for thetreatment of traditional tertiary and secondary domestic/municipal wastewaters [6]. Theearly types of CW were often dominated by free water surface CWs in North America and horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs in Europe and Australia [7,8]. In later years, theapplication of CWs has also been significantly stretched to purify agricultural effluents[9,10], industrial effluents [11,12]; landfill leachates [13]; agricultural drainage waters[14,15]; acid mine drainage [16]; aquaculture waters [17]; and urban and highway runoff[18,19].

Item Type:	Book Section
Authors/Creators:	Srivastava, P and Kumar Yadav, A and Garaniya, V and Abbassi, R
Keywords:	constructed wetland, microbial fuel cell technology
Publisher:	Elsevier BV
DOI / ID Number:	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64052-9.00042-X
Copyright Information:	Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Garaniya, V UTAS Profile: Garaniya, V
Item Statistics:	View statistics for this item

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