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Abstract

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that breastfeeding benefits children's intelligence, possibly due to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) present in breast milk. Under a nutritional adequacy hypothesis, an interaction between breastfeeding and genetic variants associated with endogenous LC-PUFAs synthesis might be expected. However, the literature on this topic is controversial.Methods: We investigated this gene × environment interaction through a collaborative effort. The primary analysis involved >12 000 individuals and used ever breastfeeding, FADS2 polymorphisms rs174575 and rs1535 coded assuming a recessive effect of the G allele, and intelligence quotient (IQ) in Z scores.Results: There was no strong evidence of interaction, with pooled covariate-adjusted interaction coefficients (i.e. difference between genetic groups of the difference in IQ Z scores comparing ever with never breastfed individuals) of 0.12[(95% confidence interval (CI): -0.19; 0.43] and 0.06 (95% CI: -0.16; 0.27) for the rs174575 and rs1535 variants, respectively. Secondary analyses corroborated these results. In studies with ≥5.85 and Conclusions: Our findings did not support an interaction between ever breastfeeding and FADS2 polymorphisms. However, subgroup analysis suggested that breastfeeding may supply LC-PUFAs requirements for cognitive development if breastfeeding lasts for some (currently unknown) time. Future studies in large individual-level datasets would allow properly powered subgroup analyses and further improve our understanding on the breastfeeding × FADS2 interaction.

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Hartwig, FP and Davies, NM and Horta, BL and Ahluwalia, TS and Bisgaard, H and Bonnelykke, K and Caspi, A and Moffitt, TE and Poulton, R and Sajjad, A and Tiemeier, HW and Dalmau-Bueno, A and Guxens, M and Bustamante, M and Santa-Marina, L and Parker, N and Paus, T and Pausova, Z and Lauritzen, L and Schnurr, TM and Michaelsen, KF and Hansen, T and Oddy, W and Pennell, CE and Warrington, NM and Davey Smith, G and Victora, CG
Keywords:	Breastfeeding, intelligence, FADS2, fatty acids, effect modification, meta-analysis
Journal or Publication Title:	International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher:	Oxford Univ Press
ISSN:	0300-5771
DOI / ID Number:	10.1093/ije/dyy273
Copyright Information:	Copyright The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association. 1
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Oddy, W
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