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Abstract

With much of Earth's surface already heavily impacted by humans, there is a need to understand where restoration is required to achieve global conservation goals. Here, we show that at least 1.9 million km2 of land, spanning 190 (27%) terrestrial ecoregions and 114 countries, needs restoration to achieve the current 17% global protected area target (Aichi Target 11). Restoration targeted on lightly modified land could recover up to two‐thirds of the shortfall, which would have an opportunity cost impact on agriculture of at least $205 million per annum (average of $159/km2). However, 64 (9%) ecoregions, located predominately in Southeast Asia, will require the challenging task of restoring areas that are already heavily modified. These results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the current level of anthropogenic degradation across many ecoregions and balance bigger protected area targets with more specific restoration goals.

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Mappin, B and Chauvenet, ALM and Adams, VM and Di Marco, M and Beyer, HL and Venter, O and Halpern, BS and Possingham, HP and Watson, JEM
Keywords:	Aichi Target 11, conservation planning, ecoregions, ecosystem restoration, habitat conservation, human footprint, land conversion, representation, protected areas, expansion, CBD
Journal or Publication Title:	Conservation Letters
Publisher:	Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISSN:	1755-263X
DOI / ID Number:	10.1111/conl.12646
Copyright Information:	© 2019 The Authors. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Adams, VM
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