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Abstract

Context: Passive smoke exposure has been linked to the risk of osteoporosis in adults.Objective: We examined the independent effects of childhood passive smoke exposure on adult bone health.Design/Setting: Longitudinal, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.Participants: The study cohort included 1422 individuals followed for 28 years since baseline in 1980 (age 3 to 18 years). Exposure to passive smoking was determined in childhood. In adulthood, peripheral bone traits were assessed with peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) at the tibia and radius, and calcaneal mineral density was estimated with quantitative ultrasound. Fracture data were gathered by questionnaires.Results: Parental smoking in childhood was associated with lower pQCT-derived bone sum index in adulthood (β± SE, -0.064 ± 0.023 per smoking parent; P = 0.004) in multivariate models adjusted for age, sex, active smoking, body mass index, serum 25-OH vitamin D concentration, physical activity, and parental socioeconomic position. Similarly, parental smoking was associated with lower heel ultrasound estimated bone mineral density in adulthood (β± SE, -0.097 ± 0.041 per smoking parent; P = 0.02). Parental smoking was also associated with the incidence of low-energy fractures (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.62). Individuals with elevated cotinine levels (3 to 20 ng/mL) in childhood had lower bone sum index with pQCT (β± SE, -0.206 ± 0.057; P = 0.0003). Children whose parents smoked and had high cotinine levels (3 to 20 ng/mL) had significantly lower pQCT-derived bone sum index compared with those with smoking parents but had low cotinine levels (P = 0.008).Conclusions and Relevance: Children of parents who smoke have evidence of impaired bone health in adulthood.

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Juonala, M and Pitkanen, N and Tolonen, S and Laaksonen, M and Sievanen, H and Jokinen, E and Laitinen, T and Sabin, MA and Hutri-Kahonen, N and Lehtimaki, T and Taittonen, L and Jula, A and Loo, B-M and Impivaara, O and Kahonen, M and Magnussen, CG and Viikari, JSA and Raitakari, OT
Journal or Publication Title:	Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
Publisher:	Endocrine Soc
ISSN:	0021-972X
DOI / ID Number:	https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02501
Copyright Information:	Copyright 2019 Endocrine Society
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Magnussen, CG UTAS Profile: Magnussen, CG
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