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Abstract

Intensive cereal production has brought about increasingly serious environmental threats, including global warming, environmental acidification, and water shortage. As an important grain producer in the world, the rice cultivation system in central China has undergone excessive changes in the past few decades. However, few articles focused on the environmental impacts of these shifts from the perspective of ecological footprints. In this study, a 2-year field trial was carried out in Hubei province, China, to gain insight into carbon footprint (CF), nitrogen footprint (NF), and water footprint (WF) performance. The three treatments were, namely, double-rice system (DR), ratoon rice system (RR), and rice-wheat system (RW). Results demonstrated that RR significantly increased the grain yield by 10.22–15.09% compared with DR, while there was no significant difference in the grain yield between RW and DR in 2018–2019. All of the calculation results by three footprint approaches followed the order: RR 3 field emissions were the hotspots of CF and NF, respectively. Blue WF accounts for 40.90–42.71% of DR, which was significantly higher than that of RR and RW, primarily because DR needs a lot of irrigation water in both seasons. The gray WF of RW was higher than those of DR and RR, mainly due to the higher application rate of N fertilizer. In conclusion, RR possesses the characteristics of low agricultural inputs and high grain yield and can reduce CF, NF, and WF, considering the future conditions of rural societal developments and rapid demographic changes; we highlighted that the RR could be a cleaner and sustainable approach to grain production.

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Zhou, Y and Liu, K and Harrison, MT and Fahad, S and Gong, S and Zhu, B and Liu, Z
Keywords:	water, nitrogen, fertilizer, carbon footprint, methane, nitrous oxide, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, global warming, soil carbon, rice, food security, wheat, maize, environment, ecological footprint, water footprint, emissions intensity,
Journal or Publication Title:	Frontiers in Plant Science
Publisher:	Frontiers Research Foundation
ISSN:	1664-462X
DOI / ID Number:	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.895402
Copyright Information:	Copyright 2022 Zhou, Liu, Harrison, Fahad, Gong, Zhu and Liu. This is anopen-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense (CC BY)
Related URLs:	Google Scholar: Harrison, MT UTAS Profile: Harrison, MT
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